Jailhouse Law Library

PLAN’s Jailhouse Law Library (“JLL”) breaks the prison system’s stranglehold on legal resources and information for incarcerated individuals. The JLL does so by providing jailhouse lawyers, prison paralegals, and incarcerated pro se litigants actionable legal analysis that may bolster their efforts to challenge and improve their conditions of confinement in United States prisons and jails.

 

The JLL expands PLAN’s longstanding model of crowd-sourced legal mobilization to drive legal capacity to underserved communities, geographic locations, and issue areas. This initiative also creates opportunities for law students and practitioners who have limited time to contribute to achieve meaningful impact through limited scope pro bono engagements. In so doing, the JLL catalyzes under-utilized legal capacity and broadens the base of legal professionals who are involved and invested in challenging arguably unlawful conditions of confinement. 


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 JLL Team

The JLL team is comprised of some of the country’s most prominent prisoners’ rights litigators, scholars, and jailhouse lawyers and a nationwide community of pro bono legal volunteers.


The JLL's approach involves a group supervisory model whereby project attorneys and law clerks are guided in their work by a team of attorneys, legal workers, and jailhouse lawyers.


Law students and recent graduates may apply to contribute to the JLL by completing the online Law Clerkship application.  Attorneys and legal paraprofessionals who would like to serve as pro bono contributors to the JLL should contact the JLL practice.

 ​About the Jailhouse Law Library

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What is the purpose of the JLL?


The core purpose of the JLL is to afford individuals in United States adult prisons and jails increased access to legal reference materials and actionable analysis that will help incarcerated complainants better understand: 1) the kinds of relief that may be pursued, 2) applicable procedures and legal standards, and 3) the relative risks and benefits associated with various avenues of relief. 

 

By helping incarcerated pro se litigants sustain their cases beyond sua sponte review under 28 U.S.C. §1915 and the motion to dismiss stage, the JLL may also increase the resources that prison agencies and the state attorneys' offices that represent them must expend to defend against these claims. This may escalate the costs to prisons of sustaining inhumane prison conditions, which may in turn weaken entrenched structures and manifest meaningful change whatever the outcomes of any particular case.
Why are prison law libraries insufficient to meet incarcerated individuals’ legal resource needs?

Currently, most incarcerated individuals’ access to legal information is limited to prison law libraries.  The legal resources held in these facilities are often inadequate or restricted to electronic databases that may be difficult for laypeople to navigate.  Individuals in segregated housing or other high security units may have only infrequent access to scaled back versions of facility law libraries.  In some cases, prisoners may have no direct access to the law library at all, instead being relegated to requesting legal materials by way of prison officers.  This practice requires incarcerated individuals to know the case citations for the materials they need without the opportunity to use law library resources to identify such cases.  It also requires prisoners to depend on non-legal prison staff to identify and provide legal materials for their use as plaintiffs.  In addition to depriving incarcerated individuals of the opportunity to search complete collections of law library holdings, such indirect access also compels prisoners to disclose privileged details of their sensitive legal matters to state officials who may be parties adverse in interest.  These officers, or the prison agencies that employ them, may be defendants in the very conditions of confinement cases that prisoners are preparing to litigate.  By compelling prisoners to disclose the subject matter of their confidential legal matters to parties adverse in interest, this indirect access to legal information may expose prisoners to retaliation. 


In some places, access to prison law libraries remains highly circumscribed in many locations following long periods of closure during the COVID-19 pandemic.  Incarcerated individuals in many jurisdictions report that facility law libraries continue to operate reduced opening hours. Prison agencies that have instituted use of computer tablets sometimes make these tablets available only to prisoners who can afford to pay for them. In such cases, indigent individuals often have only restricted access to legal resources at kiosks during limited hours.  As the vast majority of incarcerated litigants lack representation of counsel and have no alternative but to represent themselves pro se in civil proceedings, when prison officials deprive prisoners of adequate access to prison law library materials, they effectively deprive people inside of meaningful recourse to contest their conditions of confinement.
How does the JLL differ from other legal guides and resources for people inside?

Legal reference guides for incarcerated individuals who seek to challenge their conditions of confinement are costly and therefore inaccessible to individuals of limited means. Many are infrequently revised to reflect changes in case law. Such texts also tend to focus on filing federal 42 U.S.C. §1983 claims without extensive (or any) treatment of state causes of action or jurisdiction-specific administrative remedies that may be more favorable to prisoners in some situations. 

 

JLL resource materials are available free of charge. They can be searched, printed, and mailed inside by outside advocates or loved ones or requested from PLAN. Because JLL materials are a constellation of limited scope briefs, they can be updated on an ongoing basis.
How does the JLL team decide which conditions of confinement topics and jurisdictions to cover in JLL legal resource guides?

In some cases, the JLL team, supported by a nationwide community of legal volunteers, conducts legal research and analysis at the request of incarcerated individuals. In other cases, legal standards and conditions of confinement issues that are frequently litigated by pro se prisoner plaintiffs in a certain jurisdiction are identified by the JLL team for analysis.

What kinds of materials are included in JLL resources?

Responsive analysis may include legal standards with relevant case opinions, statutes, and/or administrative law. This JLL analysis supplements raw source materials such as case opinions with legal standards that clarify the application of this case law under governing precedent in a given jurisdiction.

 

JLL analysis may also include information about alternatives to litigation, such as procedures for applying to jurisdiction-specific controlled release programs that may have a higher likelihood of success than motions for compassionate release. JLL analysis also evaluates the potential risks and benefits of seeking relief for certain issue areas in alternate forums or under different legal standards. 

 

For each topic area, legal standard, and jurisdiction covered by the initiative, JLL holdings may include court-filed motions or petitions that have achieved favorable outcomes. These sample pleadings are intended to serve as indicative examples that may help incarcerated pro se litigants advocate for themselves in courts in law. They may also expand the resource materials that are available to inside advocates who provide support to others.
Does the JLL represent incarcerated individuals in legal proceedings or “ghost write” pleadings for individual cases?

No.

 

Requesting or receiving JLL legal resource materials does not initiate or imply an attorney-client relationship. The JLL does not advise requesters of the legal approach they should pursue or “ghost write” pleadings that address facts specific to a particular case. 

 

However, for each topic area, legal standard, and jurisdiction covered by the initiative, JLL holdings may include court-filed motions or petitions that have achieved favorable outcomes. These sample pleadings are intended to serve as indicative examples that may help incarcerated pro se litigants advocate for themselves in courts in law. They may also expand the resource materials that are available to inside advocates who provide support to others. 

 

In some cases, requests for JLL legal research may bring emergent issues of concern to the attention of PLAN. PLAN may submit widely endorsed statements of concern or otherwise mobilize in response to reported issues, as extra-judicial attorney advocacy may be sufficient to achieve corrective action in some instances. However, PLAN advocacy in such instances does not initiate or imply a representational attorney-client relationship. Such advocacy would be advanced by PLAN’s Dignity Defenders Practice, not the JLL.
How can prisoners access JLL materials?

In addition to sending responsive analysis to person inside who requests legal analysis as to a particular conditions of confinement issue or legal standard, JLL analysis is also uploaded to a searchable online database that serves as a cost-free clearinghouse of legal information. This easily navigable online platform enable prisoners’ loved ones and outside advocates to identify relevant legal information that can be printed and mailed inside. This innovative online resource consolidates legal information that is relevant to incarcerated individuals who are challenging their conditions of confinement and renders it accessible to outside advocates who may be unfamiliar with, or lack access to, costly legal databases. 

   

For prisoners who do not have outside advocates who can provide them materials from this online database, upon written request, PLAN will search for responsive JLL records and mail information to people inside.
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